Assumption Cathedral piav qhia thiab yees duab - Russia - Golden Ring: Vladimir

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Assumption Cathedral piav qhia thiab yees duab - Russia - Golden Ring: Vladimir
Assumption Cathedral piav qhia thiab yees duab - Russia - Golden Ring: Vladimir

Video: Assumption Cathedral piav qhia thiab yees duab - Russia - Golden Ring: Vladimir

Video: Assumption Cathedral piav qhia thiab yees duab - Russia - Golden Ring: Vladimir
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Assumption Cathedral
Assumption Cathedral

Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam

Assumption Cathedral hauv Vladimir yog UNESCO World Heritage Site. Qhov no yog lub cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim ua ntej Mongol, nyob rau hauv uas frescoes los ntawm Andrei Rublev thiab Daniil Cherny tau raug khaws cia.

Lub tuam tsev keeb kwm

Assumption Cathedral tau tsim hauv 1158-1560 biennium Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey Bogolyubsky ua Vladimir nws lub peev thiab pib kev tsim kho tshiab hauv nws. Cov tswv zoo tshaj plaws tau raug caw tuaj - raws li qee cov ntaub ntawv, qee leej tau xa los ntawm nws tus kheej Frederick Barbarossa … Lub tuam tsev tshiab tau siab dua Kiev thiab Novgorod Sofia nto moo.

Xyoo 1185, hluav taws tau tawg, uas tau rhuav tshem ib feem ntawm cov duab puab thiab lub tuam tsev tau kho dua tshiab thiab hloov pauv. Nws tshwm sim nrog tus tub huabtais tom ntej - Vsevolode lub Zes Loj, tus kwv yau ntawm Andrey. Nws tau nyob hauv nws uas Thawj Tswj Hwm Vladimir tau dhau los ua qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog ntawm Russia thaj av, thiab Assumption Cathedral yog nws lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb thiab qhov chaw faus neeg ntawm cov thawj coj: Andrei Bogolyubsky, thiab nws cov tub, thiab Vsevolod nws tus kheej tau faus rau ntawd.

Lub sijhawm xyoo no, Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Assumption tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub qhov rooj kaw kaw, thiab cov arches tau ua hauv cov phab ntsa qub - nws tau hloov pauv tias lub tuam tsev qub yog, zoo li nws, sab hauv tshiab. Qee qhov kev kos duab tau pauv mus rau phab ntsa tshiab tshiab, thiab qee qhov tau ua tiav dua. Cov kws tshawb fawb sib cav txog seb lub tuam tsev qub yog tsib-domed lossis ib-domed, tab sis lub tuam tsev tshiab yeej muaj tsib tshooj.

Hauv 1238 lub tsev teev ntuj raug hluav taws thaum lub sij hawm ua phem phem los ntawm Vladimir los ntawm cov tub rog Tatar-Mongol, tab sis tsuas yog sab hauv tau raug puas ntsoog, thiab sab nrauv zoo li tsis hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv XIV caug xyoo Dmitry Donskoy, tus kws sau ntawv nws kos npe dua Artel ntawm Andrey Rublev thiab Daniil Cherny … Txog rau xyoo pua 18th, lub tsev tau poob mus rau qhov tsis zoo. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau rov tsim dua tshiab - nws tau hloov pauv nrog lub ru tsev ib txwm muaj. Tab sis nws tus mob tseem tshuav ntau yam uas xav tau.

Xyoo 1769 Vladimir tau mus xyuas Catherine II … Nws tau faib 14 txhiab rubles rau kev kho lub tuam tsev qub. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho no, Rublev frescoes qub tau ntxuav dawb thiab lub iconostasis tau raug rhuav tshem. Hloov chaw ntawm qhov qub, ib qho kev kos duab baroque tau teeb tsa hauv lub siab ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab. Carved los ntawm nws masters Kalistrat thiab Stepan Bochkarev … Cov cim tshiab kuj tau muab tso rau hauv nws - ua haujlwm ntawm Vladimir tus neeg pleev xim duab Strokina.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, earthen ramparts lub qub fortress, thiab lub tuam tsev tau puag ncig los ntawm lub laj kab tshiab. Xyoo 1810 tau tsim lub tsev tshiab Tswb pej thuam hloov qhov qub, uas raug xob laim. Lub tswb pej thuam twb tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov qauv qub, tab sis tau ua nyob rau hauv xws li txoj hauv kev kom haum rau hauv cov pab pawg dav dav - piv txwv li, nws cov plaster kho kom zoo nkauj ib nrab rov ua cov pob zeb dawb carvings ntawm lub tuam tsev. Hauv pem teb hauv av ntawm lub tswb pej thuam tau npaj lub tsev teev ntuj … Xyoo 1862, raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm N. Artleben, sov lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. George tus Victorious - tam sim no nws txuas lub tuam tsev thiab lub tswb pej thuam. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, kev tshawb pom cov frescoes qub ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj maj mam pib.

Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub XX-XXI centuries

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Txij li xyoo 1917, nto moo Sergiy Stargorodky yog ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, yawg koob yav tom ntej. Nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tus Thawj Coj Hauv Nroog Vladimir hauv 1917, tau lees paub kev kho dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1922, thiab tom qab ntawd tau tso tseg. Tom ntej no Vladimir Archbishop - Nikolay Dobronravov - tau ua haujlwm ntawm no txij xyoo 1923 txog 1925, thiab xyoo 1937 yog tua ntawm qhov chaw cob qhia Butovo. Tam sim no revered li neeg dawb huv. Hauv kev nco txog nws, daim ntawv ua kev nco txog tau teeb tsa ntawm St. George sab-lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Xyoo 1922-23, tag nrho cov khoom muaj nqis raug txeeb, thiab ib ceg ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau teeb tsa hauv Georgievsky sab-thaj Thaum xub thawj no Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub Koom Txoos Antiquities, tom qab - tiv thaiv kev ntseeg Vladimir Tsev khaws puav pheej. Hauv kev ua tsov rog ua ntej thiab xyoo ua rog, lub tuam tsev tau raug tso tseg ib ntus thiab tsis muaj leej twg saib xyuas rau qhov tshwj xeeb frescoes. Tab sis xyoo 1944 lub tuam tsev tau rov qhib dua, thiab nws tau kho me ntsis sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Hauv 50s, tib lub sijhawm, tau tsim lub tshuab cua sov tshiab hauv lub tsev, uas ua kom lub cev kub ib txwm muaj.

Qhov kawg kev txum tim rov qab los tau muaj nyob rau xyoo 1974-82. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev faus neeg hauv cov niches nrog cov ntawv sau tau rov qab los. Xyoo 1995, ntawm phab ntsa sab hnub poob ntawm lub tuam tsev tau tshwm sim Monument rau Andrei Rublev sculptor O. Komov, thiab thaum ntxov xyoo 2000s - kev pehawm Vajtswv hla lub tuam tsev thiab cim kos npe rau hnub tseem ceeb 600 xyoo ntawm pawg ntseeg Vladimir.

Tam sim no lub tuam tsev ua raws li lub tsev teev ntuj.

Vladimir neeg dawb huv

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Cov keeb kwm ntawm Assumption Cathedral tau txuas nrog cov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm 1238, thaum Vladimir raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Tatar-Mongol pab tub rog, thiab Vladimir tus tub huabtais nws tus kheej raug tua. Yuri Vsevolodovich tus kheej lub neej, thiab nws tsev neeg tag nrho, tshwj tsis yog rau ib tus ntxhais.

Tub Vaj Ntxwv Yuri raug tua nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lub Nroog lossis Dej Seti. Tus tub yau ntawm Yuri Vsevolodovich, Vladimir raug ntes. Cov Tatars tau thov kom swb lub nroog hauv kev sib pauv rau nws lub neej, tab sis cov neeg tiv thaiv tsis kam, thiab tom qab ntawd Vladimir tau ua tiav ntawm Golden Gate. Ipatiev Chronicle hais tias thaum nws pom meej tias cov nroog tsis tuaj yeem cawm tau, lwm ob tus kwvtij tseem hluas Vsevolod thiab Mstislav - tau coj cov lus cog tseg rau vaj tswv thiab mus rau kev sib tham, tab sis raug tua tuag. Thaum lub sijhawm ua phem zaum kawg ntawm Vladimir, nws kaw nws tus kheej hauv lub Koom Txoos Assumption Ntxhais fuabtais Agafya Vsevolodovna, nrog cov ntxhais, tus tub xeeb ntxwv thiab tus vauv, thiab Vladimir Npis Sov Mitrofan … Lawv txhua tus npaj rau kev tuag thiab coj daim ntawv teev ntuj. Cov Tatars tau tua hluav taws rau lub tuam tsev, thiab txhua tus neeg uas tau nkaum hauv nws tau tuag.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau raug faus nyob ntawd, hauv Assumption Cathedral, tom qab nws tau kho dua. Xyoo 1645, lub cev ntawm Yuri Vsevolodovich tau pom tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, thiab hauv tib lub xyoo nws thiab nws tsev neeg tau canonized.

Xyoo 1702 nws kuj tseem muaj cai teev ntuj Andrey Bogolyubsky … Tom qab kev hloov pauv, cov khoom qub tau qhib, tshuaj xyuas thiab muab tso rau hauv St. George sab-lub tsev teev ntuj uas yog ib feem ntawm kev nthuav qhia tsev cia puav pheej. Lub cev ntawm Andrei Bogolyubsky tau tshuaj xyuas ntau xyoo, thiab tau xa mus rau lub Koom Txoos tsuas yog xyoo 1987.

Lwm tus neeg dawb huv yog Andrei Bogolyubsky tus tub Gleb … Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais txog nws tsis muaj txoj sia nyob, tsuas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hagiographic. Nws tuag ua ntej nws muaj nees nkaum xyoo, tsis ntev ua ntej nws txiv tuag, thiab thaum nws lub neej nws tau txawv los ntawm kev ntseeg thiab txo hwj chim thiab tau nyiam heev ntawm cov neeg. Nws pib tau txais kev hwm raws li ib tus neeg hwm hwm neeg hauv cheeb tsam txij thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 17th - nws ntseeg tias hauv 1608 lub nroog tau xa los ntawm Lithuanian kev ntxeem tau meej ua tsaug rau kev thov Vajtswv rau nws. Xyoo 1702, nws lub cev tau pom tsis hloov pauv - thiab nws tau koom nrog nws txiv.

Tsis yog tsuas yog cov thawj coj tau faus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis kuj yog npis sov. Neeg dawb huv yog canonized Mitrofan, uas thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua ua rau Vladimir yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias nroog.

Tam sim no qhov kev faus neeg yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Frescoes ntawm Assumption Cathedral

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Lub tsev teev ntuj tau khaws cia ntau qhov tawg ntawm daim duab qub - 1161 thiab 1189 … Cov no yog cov duab ntawm ob tus neeg ntseeg nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Andrei Bogolyubsky txwv thiab ntau qhov zoo nkauj tawg. Tab sis, tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm no yog frescoes los ntawm Andrey Rublev thiab Daniil Chernyrov qab mus rau 1408. Assumption Cathedral yog lub tuam tsev uas cov duab ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws tau dim ntawm txhua qhov - ntau dua peb puas square metres. meters.

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas cov tswv tau xa tuaj ntawm no los ntawm Moscow. Cov thawj coj hauv Moscow - ua ntej tshaj plaws, Dmitry Donskoy, txiav txim siab lawv tus kheej ua tus thawj coj ntawm Vladimir thiab tau saib xyuas kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv faus lub qhov rooj thiab lub tuam tsev qub, uas tau txuam nrog keeb kwm nco.

Cov duab puab tau dhau mus ntau. Lawv tau tawg, tawg thiab tawg, thiab hauv qab Catherine II lawv tau ntxuav dawb. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab tau tshwm sim los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19: lawv pib maj mam qhib thiab rov qab los. Qee qhov Rublev frescoes tau tshawb pom hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, qee qhov hauv 80s. Loj kev txum tim rov qab los tau tshwm sim tam sim tom qab kev tawm tsam, thaum xyoo 1917 tau xa daim ntawv cog lus no los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm tus kws kos duab I. GrabarKuv yog. Cov frescoes hauv lawv lub xeev tam sim no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kho dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1980s.

Nws nyuaj heev kom pom tias leej twg yog tus sau ntawm cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov frescoes no. Ob tus tswv ua haujlwm ntawm no nrog qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis tseem muaj tus yam ntxwv - Andrei Rublev thiab nws tus phooj ywg Daniil Cherny - thiab tag nrho cov txuj ci ntawm pab, vim tias cov duab puab tsis pleev xim ib leeg.

Zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia fresco "Kev Txiav Txim Kawg" nyob rau sab hnub poob vaults - nws ntseeg tau tias yog vim li cas Andrey Rublev: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! … Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov xim yog nws tus kheej. Txawm Kev Txiav Txim zaum kawg tsis qhia ntau txog kev npau taws rau cov neeg txhaum, tab sis hais txog kev hlub tshua rau cov neeg ncaj ncees thiab kev zam txim. Thiab tam sim no daim duab no tsim lub tswv yim ntawm lub teeb ci thiab kev xyiv fab, thiab ib zaug cov xim tau ci dua thiab tob dua.

Frescoes "Bosom ntawm Abraham" thiab "Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees mus rau Lub Vaj Kaj Siab" feem ntau lawv yuav raug tua los ntawm lwm tus neeg pleev xim. Lawv yog ib txwm muaj ntau dua thiab cov neeg ntseeg tau piav qhia los ntawm nws muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm lub ntsej muag. Tab sis daim duab no tseem zoo li cua thiab zoo nkauj. Nws haum zoo rau hauv kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab hais txog nws qhov ntau, ua kom pom kev ntau ntxiv.

Tam sim no cov frescoes puag thaum ub tseem raug kev hem thawj, thiab lawv txoj kev khaws cia yog cov neeg saib xyuas zoo. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tam sim no nws nyuaj heev rau kev soj ntsuam qhov ntsuas kub, qhov baroque iconostasis sau cov hmoov av thiab cov hmoov av ntawm nws tus kheej, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom saib txoj hmoo ntawm cov duab tshwj xeeb nrog lub tswb.

Cov Lus Tseeb

  • Ua tsaug rau kev tshuaj xyuas lub cev ntawm Andrei Bogolyubsky, peb muaj lub sijhawm los pom nws qhov tsos. Nws pob txha taub hau tau tshuaj xyuas thaum ntxov 40s. thiab M. Gerasimov ua nws txoj kev rov tsim kho nto moo. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau ua tiav thiab tau tsim kho dua tshiab, uas txawv ntawm Gerasim.
  • Icons los ntawm cov disassembled iconostasis ntawm Assumption Cathedral yog tam sim no hauv Tretyakov Gallery. Cov kws tshaj lij sib cav seb lawv tus kws sau ntawv yog Andrei Rublev nws tus kheej lossis ib tus ntawm nws ua raws.

Ntawm daim ntawv

Qhov chaw. Vladimir, ua. Bolshaya Moscow, 56.

Yuav ua li cas tau muaj. Yuav ua li cas tau muaj. Los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau Kursk lossis tsheb npav los ntawm metro Shchelkovskaya mus rau Vladimir, tom qab ntawd los ntawm tsheb nqaj hlau No. 5, 10 thiab 12 mus rau hauv plawv nroog, lossis nce ntaiv mus rau Assumption Cathedral. Pub dawb.

Lub vev xaib raug cai ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj:

Duab

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