Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Novgorod Kremlin nyob rau toj siab saum Volkhov yog ib lub kremlin sab qaum teb loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Nov yog lub npe nrov Novgorod Sofia, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo XI, kev nthuav qhia tsev cia puav pheej, thiab tseem muaj nws tus kheej "leaning tower" thiab nto moo monument "Millennium of Russia".
Mr. Veliky Novgorod
Thawj zaj dab neeg hais txog lub fortress ntawm Volkhov hnub rov qab mus rau 1044, tab sis tib neeg nyob ntawm no ntau dua ua ntej. Lub tsev tiv thaiv ntoo qhib nrog ob lub qhov rooj tau tsim thaum lub caij kav ntawm Yaroslav tus tub ntse - Vladimir Yaroslavich. Hauv cov hnub ntawd, nws me me, tab sis tsawg dua ib puas xyoo tom qab - xyoo 1116 - nws tau nthuav dav mus rau tam sim no ntawm Kremlin.
Cov phab ntsa pob zeb tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 30 ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thiab hauv xyoo 1490s, nrog cov nyiaj ua ke ntawm Ivan III thiab Novgorod tus npis sov Gennady, lawv tau rov tsim dua - lub sijhawm no raws li qhov xav tau tshiab. Lub zog tiv thaiv tau nthuav dav kom cov phom loj tuaj yeem tso rau ntawm tus yees, thiab nws tuaj yeem tsav tsheb raws cov phab ntsa. Cov neeg Swedes hauv xyoo 1611 tuaj yeem nqa lub nroog tsuas yog vim kev ntxeev siab - phab ntsa lawv tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau.
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, Kremlin tau puas tsuaj thiab ib feem ntawm phab ntsa tau tawg. Kev sib tsoo tshiab tau ua raws qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 20th, yog li ob ntu ntawm phab ntsa tau rov tsim dua tshiab. Thaum lub sijhawm 17th-19th xyoo pua, qhov kev pom ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab tau hloov pauv, Soviet rov kho lawv rov rau lawv li qub thaum xyoo pua 15th.
Tam sim no Novgorod Kremlin yog lub fortress medieval fortress - yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa yog los ntawm 8 metres txog 15 meters, thiab hauv qhov chaw tuab nce mus txog 6.5 meters. Cuaj lub yees tau muaj txoj sia nyob. Ib ntawm cov ntu, uas suav nrog rau tus yees, tam sim no tuaj yeem nce thiab taug kev raws "txoj hauv kev sib ntaus".
Sophia Cathedral
Lub ntsiab nyiam ntawm Kremlin yog St. Sophia Cathedral hauv Novgorod. Nws tau tsim xyoo 1045-1050, me ntsis tom qab nto moo Kiev Sophia, zoo li ntawd - ntawm tus qauv ntawm Sophia ntawm Constantinople. Tab sis Novgorod Sofia, hauv kev sib piv rau Kiev, tau zoo dua qub nws qhov qub: lub tsev teev ntuj hla tsib-nave lub tsev teev ntuj nrog lub kaus mom zoo li tus. Cov duab ntawm cov duab qub tshaj plaws los ntawm 1109 tau raug khaws cia hauv lub tuam tsev, tab sis cov xim tha xim tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 19th. Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet xyoo, nws tau raug kaw, lub tsev khaws khoom tiv thaiv kev ntseeg tau teeb tsa ntawm no, thiab thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm lub tsev teev ntuj tau plundered thiab puas ntsoog loj heev - lub plhaub tsoo lub hauv paus nruab nrab. Tom qab kho dua tshiab, lub tsev teev ntuj tau pauv mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab txij li xyoo 1991 - mus rau lub Koom Txoos.
Tam sim no nws yog lub tsev teev ntuj cathedral ua haujlwm. Nws muaj lub tuam tsev Novgorod tseem ceeb - lub cim "Kos Npe" ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, lub cim ib zaug tau cawm lub nroog thaum sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Suzdal. Kuj tseem muaj daim ntawv theej ntawm Tikhvin lub xyoo pua 16th, uas suav tias yog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb. Lub tuam tsev tau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab lub tsev faus neeg faus neeg, thiab tam sim no ntau qhov kev faus neeg raug hwm raws li thaj av. Qhov faus ntawm no Swedish tus ntxhais huab tais Ingegerd - Anna Novgorodskaya, tus poj niam ntawm Yaroslav Tus Txawj Ntse, thiab nws tus tub Vladimir Yaroslavich, nyob rau hauv uas lub tuam tsev tau tsim, tau teev tseg. Ntawm no dag ob tus neeg dawb huv Novgorod - St. Nikita thiab St. Ilya.
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tuam tsev yog Magdeburg Gate. Cov no yog cov qhov rooj tooj dag ntawm lub qhov rooj sab hnub poob, tsim los ntawm Western European cov kws txawj txua khoom. Muaj ntau ntau yam hais txog yuav ua li cas lawv thiaj tshwm ntawm no - seb lawv puas yog tub rog khoom plig, lossis khoom plig. Raws li ib tsab ntawv, lawv tau coj los ntawm Byzantium los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir, yog li lawv lub npe thib ob yog "Korsunskie".
Qhov kev txaus siab nyob rau xyoo pua 15th lub tsev teev ntuj belfry tau muaj txoj sia nyob, uas feem ntau zoo li ib feem ntawm phab ntsa nrog tsib ncua rau tswb. Tam sim no nws tau siv rau nws lub hom phiaj thiab, ntxiv rau, kev nthuav qhia ntawm Novgorod lub tswb puag thaum ub, xa "mus so", tau teeb tsa ib sab ntawm nws.
Cov tuam tsev Kremlin
Ntxiv nrog rau lub tsev teev ntuj tam sim no, muaj ntau lub tsev teev ntuj nthuav nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kremlin. Nov yog lub tsev teev ntuj me me ntawm Andrew Stratilates, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 15th thiab rov tsim dua tshiab nyob rau tiam 17th thiab 19th. Qhov tseeb, lub tsev no yog qhov seem ntawm Borisoglebsky Cathedral loj, uas tau raug rhuav tshem thaum xyoo 17th. Tsuas yog sab-lub tsev teev ntuj tseem nyob ntawm nws. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau khaws cov duab puab ntawm XVI-XVII ib puas xyoo, tam sim no nws yog ib feem ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, kev nkag mus tau them.
Rooj vag lub Koom Txoos ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh, ua nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, yog qhov ib txwm muaj, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem nco lub pej thuam siab uas nyob ib sab nws - lub suab nrov. Nws tau tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nov yog Novgorod "leaning" ntauwd - nws muaj qhov pom tau yooj yim dua, tab sis txog tam sim no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tsis xav tau kev txhawb zog tam sim ntawd.
Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Novgorod Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob hauv lub tsev ntawm lub Koom Txoos qub ntawm kev nkag los ntawm tus Tswv mus rau hauv Yeluxalees. Nws yog lub tsev sov sov ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 17th. Tam sim no lub tsev tau khaws cia tsuas yog qhov qub ntim thiab phab ntsa dai kom zoo nkauj; lub dome tau raug rhuav tshem thaum lub sijhawm Soviet.
Faceted Chamber thiab Museum Museum Complex
Ntxiv rau cov tuam tsev qub, Kremlin tseem muaj ib qho ntawm cov qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, qhov chaw nyob tshiab rau Novgorod tus npis sov tau tsim nyob ntawm no thiab tib lub sijhawm ib lub chaw tswj hwm - Vladychny Dvor, hauv kev tsim kho uas cov neeg txawj ntse German tau koom nrog.
Lub Faceted (Vladychna) Chamber yog tib qho piv txwv Gothic ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws nyob ntawm no tias cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov thawj coj Novgorod zoo tshaj plaws - Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj - tau ua. Nws tau nyob ntawd uas tau muab tshaj tawm txog Novgorod rau Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm.
Lub tsev tau rov tsim dua nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab tau rov kho dua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, nws tau rov qab los rau nws qhov qub yog tias ua tau. Tam sim no nws yog lub tsev nthuav qhia ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub kos duab ntawm 16th-17th centuries. - "Lub tais kub". Lwm qhov kev nthuav tawm yog "Chamber of Archbishop Euthymius", uas qhia txog cov npisov Novgorod thiab lawv lub neej.
Lub ntsiab lus nthuav qhia ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob hauv ob -storey tsev ntawm cov chaw pej xeem - lub chaw tswj hwm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 18, ua raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev hauv lub xeev V. Polivanov. Tsev khaws puav pheej nws tus kheej tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1865 los ua kev zoo siab rau 1000 xyoo ntawm Russia. Muaj cov quav hniav nyob hauv nws nco txog tus tsim - pov thawj Nikolai Bogoslovsky.
Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws hauv tsev khaws khoom yog sau los ntawm cov npe nrov Novgorod birch tawv ntoo. Kev nyab xeeb tshwj xeeb thiab kev sib xyaw av tau khaws cia cov ntoo ntoo rau peb. Peb paub ntau yam nthuav cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej lub neej ntawm medieval Novgorod. Cov npe, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, kev hlub thiab cov dab neeg tshawb pom - txhua qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej peb los ntawm cov ntawv no. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj cov khoom qub qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb: av ntawm Novgorod ua rau nws muaj peev xwm khaws cov ntaub, tawv, ntoo ua tau zoo.
Ib qho ntxiv, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab siv daim duab los ntawm pawg ntseeg Novgorod tau sau ntawm no, thiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej tseem muaj ib qho ntawm kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab tha xim nyob hauv Russia los ntawm xyoo pua 11th. Ib qho kev nthuav tawm tshwj xeeb tau mob siab rau Great Patriotic War, nws cov hlaws yog Kukryniksy tha xim "Lub davhlau ntawm Cov Neeg Tsov Rog los ntawm Novgorod".
Monument "1000th Hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Russia"
Lub tsev khaws puav pheej tuav cov rooj nthuav tawm ib ntus hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog qub ntawm xyoo pua puv 19, tsim ua ke nrog ntu ntawm phab ntsa uas tau tawg thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj cov menyuam yaus lub tsev khaws khoom pov tseg nyob ntawm no: kev nthuav qhia nthuav tawm tshwj xeeb rau nruab nrab Novgorod - "Lub nroog ntawm tus tub Onfim", chaw sau ntawv thiab kos duab kos duab, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Hauv Novgorod Kremlin muaj lub monument loj loj rau Millennium ntawm Russia. Xyoo 1862, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ua kev zoo siab rau txhiab xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Varangians - qhov no kuj tau ua ke nrog qhov pib ntawm kev hloov kho, tshem tawm ntawm kev ua phem thiab "dav". Ntau tus kws kos duab thiab kws kes duab vajtse ua haujlwm rau nws. Qhov siab ntawm lub tsev loj loj yog 15.7 meters. Nws sawv cev rau lub cim ntawm lub hwj chim muaj koob muaj npe - ib lub xeev nrog tus tim tswv nrog tus ntoo khaub lig thiab Russia txhos caug ua ntej nws.
Lub orb kheej kheej yog puag ncig los ntawm pab pawg duab puab uas qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws. Nws qhia txog txhua qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Lavxias, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Varangians mus rau Peter I. Qhov kev txo qis ntawm ib feem ntawm lub monument piav txog 109 keeb kwm keeb kwm los ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Kuj tseem muaj cov cim yuav luag tam sim no rau lub monument, piv txwv li, tus phab ej tiv thaiv Sevastopol P. Nakhimov thiab V. Kornilov, kws sau paj huam A. Pushkin thiab V. Zhukovsky, kws sau M. Glinka thiab D. Bortyansky … Cov uas tuaj yeem piav qhia ntawm lub monument no, lawv tau xaiv ua tib zoo - txawm tias huab tais tsis yog txhua tus piav qhia ntawm no.
Thaum ua tsov rog, cov neeg German tau rhuav tshem cov duab puab kom coj lawv tawm. Ntau qhov chaw tau ploj thiab puas thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem rhuav tshem. Tab sis tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tsov kev rog, lub monument tau rov qab los.
Lub Kremlin tseem nyob hauv tsev ib lub cim nco txog ntawm qhov ntxa loj - nplaim taws nyob mus ib txhis rau kev nco txog cov neeg uas tau tuag hauv Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj.
Cov Lus Tseeb
- Novgorod Kremlin tau piav qhia txog tsib txhiab txhiab nqi ntawm xyoo 1995 thiab tsib-ruble nqi ntawm 1997.
- Cov tsov ntxhuav uas zov lub qhov rooj nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau coj los ntawm Soviet lub sijhawm los ntawm Gruzino, thaj av ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm ib ntus nto moo Arakcheev.
- Thaum lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St.
Ntawm daim ntawv
- Qhov chaw: Novgorod Kremlin, Veliky Novgorod, cheeb tsam Novgorod.
- Yuav ua li cas thiaj tau: los ntawm chaw nres tsheb npav thiab chaw tsheb ciav hlau koj tuaj yeem caij npav npav 4, 7, 7a, 8a, 9, 20, 33, 101.
- Lub vev xaib raug cai ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej:
- Lub vev xaib raug cai ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral:
- Cov sijhawm qhib: 06:00 txog 24:00, tsev cia puav pheej txij thaum 10:00 txog 18:00.
- Daim pib nqi: ib daim pib rau txhua qhov nthuav tawm ntawm Cov Rooj Zaum Pej Xeem - neeg laus 170, menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 16 xyoo dawb xwb; Palace ntawm Facets - neeg laus 170, menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 16 xyoo dawb. Nkag mus rau kev nthuav tawm ib ntus, Kremlin phab ntsa thiab belfry raug them nyias.
