Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Moscow Kremlin yog lub tsev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau tiam 15th-19th centuries. Nyob rau hauv cov duab, nws yog daim duab peb sab tsis xwm yeem, sab qab teb uas tig mus rau tus dej Moscow. Nws tau puag ncig los ntawm cov cib ntsa nrog 20 tus yees ntawm cov qauv sib txawv.
Thawj lub fortress ntawm Borovitsky Hill tau ua nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab muaj nyob txog li ob puas xyoo. Hauv xyoo pua 14th, lub tsev teev ntuj dawb-pob zeb, lub tsev tshiab rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, lub nroog loj hauv nroog, thiab lub tshav puam boyar tau muab tso. Nyob rau hauv Dmitry Donskoy, cov phab ntsa dawb-pob zeb thiab cov yees tau tsim, tab sis ib puas xyoo tom qab, xyoo 1485-1495, cov cib ntsa tshiab thiab cov yees ntawm Kremlin tau tsim. Cov kws kes duab vajtse yog cov kws kho vajtse Italian M. thiab P. Fryazin thiab P. Solari.
Tom qab ntawd, Kremlin tau ua tiav thiab rov tsim kho dua. Kev hloov pauv peev mus rau St. Petersburg cuam tshuam qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev saib xyuas Kremlin: cov tsev tau tawg, hlawv, cov phab ntsa raug puas tsuaj. Lub Kremlin tau raug puas tsuaj loj heev thaum Tsov Rog Patriotic ntawm xyoo 1812, thaum Moscow raug ntes los ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog. Thaum muaj kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thaum lub Kaum Hli - Kaum Ib Hlis 1917, Kremlin, nyob rau thaj tsam uas cov tub rog sib tua nyob, tau raug mob hnyav los ntawm kev siv phom loj los ntawm cov tub rog tawm tsam.
Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo ntawm lub zog Soviet, cov khoom sib txig sib luag ntawm Moscow Kremlin kuj tseem raug puas ntsoog. Xyoo 1929-1930, ob lub tsev teev ntuj Kremlin tau raug rhuav tshem tag. Xyoo 1937, lub hnub qub ruby tau teeb tsa ntawm tsib Kremlin yees. Txij li xyoo 1955, Kremlin tau qhib ib nrab rau cov pej xeem, dhau los ua lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib. Xyoo 1990, Kremlin tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO Daim Ntawv Teev Npe Ntiaj Teb.
Kremlin yees thiab rooj vag
Lub hauv paus loj nkag mus rau Kremlin - Lub Qhov Rooj Spassky - nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, tig mus rau Red Square, sab nraum St. Basil Cathedral. Spasskaya Tower tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Xyoo 1625, nws lub ru tsev hipped tau tsim, uas lub moos tau teeb tsa. Lub moos niaj hnub tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1851.
Nyob rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob ntawm Kremlin, los ntawm tus dej, muaj Borovitsky Gate, los ntawm uas Napoleon nkag mus rau Kremlin xyoo 1812. Los ntawm sab hnub poob, los ntawm ib sab ntawm Alexander Garden, Trinity Gates coj mus rau Kremlin; cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm huab tais yav dhau los tau khaws cia hauv tus pej thuam ntawm tib lub npe. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kremlin muaj Nikolsky Gate, uas ua rau sab qaum teb kawg ntawm Red Square. Lawv tau siv los nkag rau tsoomfwv cov chaw haujlwm.
Cov lag ntseg (tsis muaj peev xwm) tau muab tso nruab nrab ntawm lub ces kaum thiab cov yees mus, tsuas yog siv los tiv thaiv lub nroog. Sab hauv, cov yees tau muab faib ua theem thiab txuas nrog los ntawm txoj kev hla ntawm phab ntsa.
Qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa mus rau cov neeg tawg rog yog los ntawm 5 txog 19 meters, nyob ntawm qhov kev pab. Qhov siab ntawm cov hniav yog 2-2.5 meters. Lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa yog los ntawm 3.5 txog 6.5 meters. Thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua, cov kws tua hneev kaw qhov khoob ntawm qhov sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov ntoo thaiv thiab raug rho tawm los ntawm qhov tawg.
Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm Kremlin phab ntsa yees yog Beklemishevskaya, tsa hauv 1487-1488, thiab Vodovzvodnaya, uas cov txheej txheem tau teeb tsa los muab cov dej ntws rau Kremlin thiab posad.
Kremlin palaces thiab chav
Kremlin nyob hauv lub xeev cov tsev haujlwm, vaj tsev qub thiab cov tuam tsev. Ib lub tsev loj tshaj plaws yog Great Kremlin Palace (1838-1849) ntsib tus dej. Cov tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv Kremlin suav nrog Faceted Chamber, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, thiab Terem Palace, tau tsim nyob rau tiam 16th-17th centuries. Sab hauv ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace muaj ntau chav thiab chav, qee qhov uas tau siv rau kev txais tos.
Faceted Chamber, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tis ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace, tau tsim los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse Italian nyob rau xyoo 1487-1491 thiab tau npaj rau kev noj tshoob thiab kev ua koob tsheej.
Terem Palace, nyob rau sab qaum teb tis ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace, tau tsim xyoo 1635-1636 los ntawm Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich rau nws cov tub, thiab tom qab ntawd tau ua lub tsev nyob ntawm Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich thiab Fedor Alekseevich.
Sab hnub poob tis ntawm lub tsev yog nyob ntawm Armory (1844-1851). Qhov no yog ib lub tsev khaws khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv Moscow, uas muaj cov khoom kub thiab nyiaj, khaub ncaws, ris tsho hnav, riam phom, khoom plig, muaj koob muaj npe muaj koob muaj npe, tsheb thauj mus los thiab lwm yam txiaj ntsig ntawm keeb kwm kev txaus siab.
Lub tsev qub dhau los ntawm Tsev Hais Plaub Txoj Cai, thaum xub thawj yog Senate, tau tsim xyoo 1776-1790 thiab rov tsim dua ob zaug hauv xyoo pua puv 19, tau los ntawm tsoomfwv USSR. Tam sim no nws yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Russia. Ua ntej xyoo 1917 kev hloov pauv, lub tsev tau npog nrog cov yas, uas tau hloov pauv los ntawm tus chij liab Soviet, xyoo 1991 hloov los ntawm Lavxias tricolor.
Cathedral ntawm Kremlin
Ntawm ntau lub tsev teev ntuj kev ntseeg ntawm Kremlin, Assumption Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral thiab Annunciation Cathedral sawv tawm.
Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Assumption nrog tsib lub pob zeb tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1475-1479, tau rov ua dua thiab hlawv dua, tab sis tsis tau rov qab los rau nws li qub, txij li xyoo pua 16th. dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev kav cov vaj ntxwv.
Archangel Cathedral, tseem muaj tsib lub tsev, ua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev xyoo pua 14th. nyob rau xyoo 1505-1508 thiab kho dua tshiab xyoo 1921, nws yog qhov chaw faus neeg huab tais loj thiab vaj ntxwv ntawm Rurik dynasty thiab thawj Romanovs.
Yam tawm tsam Archangel Cathedral yog Annunciation Cathedral nrog cuaj lub qhov muag kub, lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tsev ntawm Lavxias tsars. Nws tau tsim xyoo 1481-1489, rov kho dua nyob rau tiam 16th century. thiab tom qab ntawd tau rov kho dua ob peb zaug.
Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Txom Nyem ntawm Robe tau tsim xyoo 1484-1485 thiab tau ua lub tsev thov Vajtswv rau Moscow metropolitans, thiab nrog kev tsim cov yawg suab nws tau dhau los ua lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov yawg suab. Tom qab kev tsim kho Vaj Tsev Patriarchal tshiab thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kaum Ob Tus Thwj Tim hauv xyoo 1635-1636, Kev Tso Txoj Cai Robe raug xa mus rau tus tswj hwm, txuas nws nrog Terem Palace los ntawm tus ntaiv.
Lub tsib-domed Cathedral ntawm Kaum Ob Tus Thwj Tim tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj qub thiab ib feem ntawm lub tshav puam ntawm Boris Godunov xyoo 1635-1656 los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab Antip Konstantinov thiab Bazhen Ogurtsov los ntawm yawg Patriarch Nikon. Thaum xyoo 1929 rov kho dua, ob txoj kev nyob hauv qab lub tsev teev ntuj tau qhib. Tam sim no, thaj chaw ntawm Patriarch's Chambers thiab Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj lub tsev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam thiab Lub Neej ntawm Russia ntawm xyoo pua 17th.
Lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tsev nyuaj ntawm Terem Palace suav nrog peb pawg ntseeg:
- Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Verkhospassky tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1635-1636 los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm Lavxias ua tus coj los ntawm Bazhen Ogurtsov.
- Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Tus Ntoo Khaub Lig tau tsim los ntawm Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich nyob rau xyoo 1681 hla txoj kev sab qaum teb ntawm Verkhospassky Cathedral.
- Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Ua Nkauj ntawm Virgin ntawm Senyi yog qhov qub tshaj plaws (tshwj tsis yog hauv qab daus ntawm Kremlin's Cathedral ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm) ntawm cov vaj tsev qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Moscow uas tau ib nrab muaj txoj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim xyoo 1393-1394, tab sis xyoo 1681-1684. lub tsev raug kho dua tshiab.
Tam sim no, cov tsev teev ntuj terem yog ib feem ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace thiab yog ib feem ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Russia. Kev pabcuam los saum ntuj tsis muaj nyob ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas raug txwv.
Belltower Ivan lub Great
Lub qhov muag ntawm Kremlin tseem suav nrog Ivan the Great tswb pej thuam (1505-1508), uas tau ntev lawm yog lub tswb nrov tshaj plaws nyob hauv Russia, thiab Tsar Tswb tau teeb ua ntej nws.
Xyoo 1329, ntawm txoj cai ntawm Moscow tus tub huabtais Ivan Kalita, lub tswb pej thuam ntawm John Climacus tau ua rau ntawm Borovitsky Hill. Xyoo 1505, lub tsev teev ntuj qub tau raug rhuav tshem thiab tus kws tsim vaj tsev B. Fryazin tau tsim lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab los qhuas txog Grand Duke Ivan the Great. Lub tswb pej thuam tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1600 ntawm kev thov ntawm Tsar Boris Godunov ua ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau pej xeem los pab tshaib plab. Lub pej thuam tau rov tsim dua xyoo 1813.
Lub tswb pej thuam muaj tsib qib thiab nce mus txog qhov siab ntawm 81 m. Los ntawm saum toj no nws yog crowned nrog gilded dome nrog tus ntoo khaub lig; tam sim no, 24 tswb tau teeb rau nws. Muaj ob lub belfries nyob ib sab ntawm lub tswb pej thuam; txoj haujlwm muaj ob lub tsev teev ntuj, ib lub tsev uas tau siv los ua vaj ua tsev yawg suab.
Tsar Tswb yog lub tswb loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws qhov hnyav yog li 200 tons. Nws tau raug pov rau xyoo 1735 siv cov khoom siv tswb raug puas tsuaj hauv qhov hluav taws kub hauv 1701, tab sis nws tus kheej tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1836 nws tau tsa nws lub hauv paus tam sim no. Tsar Cannon tau pov rau xyoo 1586 thiab suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv nws lub sijhawm.
Ntawm daim ntawv:
- Cov chaw nyob ze tshaj plaws: Borovitskaya, Aleksandrovsky Sad, Lenin Library, Arbatskaya
- Lub vev xaib raug cai: www.kreml.ru
- Cov sijhawm qhib: txij lub Tsib Hlis 15 txog Lub Cuaj Hli 30 - txhua txhua hnub tshwj tsis yog hnub Thursday, thaum 9:30 txog 18:00. Daim pib chaw ua haujlwm qhib txij thaum 9:00 txog 17:00. txij lub Kaum Hli 1 txog Tsib Hlis 14 - txhua txhua hnub, tshwj tsis yog hnub Thursday, txij 10:00 txog 17:00. Daim pib chaw ua haujlwm qhib txij thaum 9:30 teev sawv ntxov txog 4:30 teev tsaus ntuj. Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Ivan the Great Bell Tower ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm sib cais.
- Daim pib: muag ze ntawm Kutafya Ntauwd hauv Alexander Garden. Tus nqi ntawm daim pib mus rau Cathedral Square, rau Cathedrals ntawm Kremlin: rau cov neeg laus tuaj xyuas - 500 rubles. Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm Lavxias thiab cov nyiaj laus thaum nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam - 250 rubles. Cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua 16 xyoo - dawb. Daim pib mus rau Armory thiab Ivan the Great Bell Tower tau yuav cais los ntawm daim pib dav dav.
Xyuas
| Txhua qhov tshuaj xyuas 5 dan4ik100 2013-12-01 11:12:24 AM
GRATITUDE! Ua tsaug, lawv tau muab tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau kuv tom tsev kawm ntawv, yog li kuv nce hauv no !!!
