Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Lub fortress Genoese nyob rau hauv Sudak yog lub monument ntawm medieval architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb, nws yog tib Genoese citadel uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob hauv Crimea. Lub fortress zoo nkauj no, nyob ntawm lub roob zoo li lub khob, tam sim no yog lub tsev cia puav pheej.
Byzantine Sugdeya
Lub fortress nws tus kheej hauv cov chaw no tau ntev ua ntej Genoese - tsawg kawg los ntawm xyoo pua 7th. Nyob ntawm no Lub nroog Byzantine ntawm Sugdeya - lub khw muag khoom uas muaj neeg coob, twb tau tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Muaj lub chaw haujlwm lis haujlwm Byzantine nyob hauv nroog.
Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog lawv tus kheej tau txhim tsa nws lub hauv paus los ntawm xyoo pua 3 AD. NS. Tseeb, thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm nws tau pom thaj ntawm Poseidon ntawm ntug dej. Pom tseeb, muaj qee yam kev sib tw nuv ntses, chaw nres nkoj thiab lub tuam tsev, tab sis me ntsis tau muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm no. Sugdeya kuj tseem yog lub chaw ntseeg loj; nws muaj nws tus npis sov. Ib ntawm tus npisov Sugdean yog Stephen, uas nyob rau xyoo pua 8. e., canonized thiab tam sim no suav hais tias yog tus saib xyuas saum ntuj ceeb tsheej ntawm lub nroog - Stefan Surozhsky: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk!.
Txij li XI xyoo pua, lub nroog tsis suav tias yog Byzantine - nws them se rau Polovtsy. Polovtsi hauv kev teb, lawv tau npaj los tiv thaiv nws - piv txwv li, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Polovtsy thiab Seljuq Turks tau tshwm sim hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog. Xyoo 1239 Sugdeya raug ntes los ntawm pab tub rog Batu thiab tau los ua ib feem ntawm Golden Horde … Tab sis cov neeg Venetians tau tswj hwm cov chaw no kom txog thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua lawv raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub nroog, thiab lawv cov kev tiv thaiv tau raug puas tsuaj. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ua kom zoo dua qhov tseeb tias Horde tsis khoom nrog kev kub ntxhov sab hauv, Genoese tuaj ntawm no.
Genoese
Cov koom pheej Genoese yog ib lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Mediterranean nyob rau tiam 13th-15th caug xyoo. Lub nkoj loj loj, tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog kev lag luam - txhua qhov no tsuas yog txhawb nws lub zog. Genoese cov tub lag luam tau muab tag nrho Tebchaws Europe nrog nyiaj thiab nthuav lawv cov khoom ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Hiav Txwv Mediterranean, thiab los ntawm qee lub sijhawm pib tswj hwm thaj av Dub Hiav Txwv sab qaum teb.
Hauv nruab nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua, Genoese tau txais, raws li kev cog lus nrog Byzantium, qhov zoo hauv kev lag luam hauv Hiav Txwv Dub. Lawv pib ua lag luam hla Crimea nrog Golden Horde. Lawv pom lawv pawg nyob hauv Cafe (qhov no yog Feodosia niaj hnub). Hauv XIV xyoo pua, lawv nyob Balaklava, rov qab los ntawm cov neeg Greek. Lawv hu nws ua lus Italis - Cembalo. Genoese pawg neeg ntawm Vosporo muaj nyob ze rau niaj hnub no Kerch. Xyoo 1365 lawv ntes Sudgeya - Sudak niaj hnub no. Tsis ntev, cov qaug dab peg no tau lees paub los ntawm Golden Horde. Ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Yav Qab Teb Crimea ncig Sudak pib hu ua "Captaincy Gotia". Genoese maj mam dhau los ua lag luam Crimean loj. Qhov no yog zib ntab, siv quav ciab, ntoo, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - khob cij.
Crimea, zoo li nyob rau lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, tseem yog lub khob cij Mediterranean, Lub tebchaws Byzantine tau nruj me ntsis ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm Crimea - thiab yog li los ntawm Genoa. Qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau xyoo pua 15th thiab kev kov yeej Ottoman. V 1473 xya Crimean Khanate, uas cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam no yog ib feem ntawm Ottoman Empire. Genoese tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis raug yuam kom swb lub nroog.
Fortress
Thawj qhov hais txog ntawm lub fortress hauv cov ntawv sau yog "Kev piav qhia ntawm Tataria" (piv txwv li Crimea) los ntawm Martin Bronevsky, Polish diplomat thiab kws sau ntawv. Nws ob zaug tuaj rau Crimean Khan los ntawm Tebchaws Poland nrog tus sawv cev ntawm 1578-1580, tag nrho nws tau siv sijhawm ntau dua ib xyoos hauv Crimea thiab sau phau ntawv piav qhia txhua yam uas nws pom.
Lub fortress tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 15th nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ib tug puas yav dhau los. Nws muaj ob kab ntawm cov phab ntsa fortress. Qee tus nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog, thib ob - thaj chaw nyob ze thiab chaw nres nkoj. Cov phab ntsa sab nrauv muaj 15 tus yees. Cov phab ntsa lawv tus kheej mus txog ob metres dav, tus yees txog li kaum tsib. Cov yees ntawm phab ntsa sab nrauv tau muaj npe tom qab cov thawj coj-tus neeg saib xyuas nyob hauv qab uas lawv tau tsa. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm cov nplais nrog cov ntawv sau khaws cia rau qee lub yees. Thaum thaj chaw ib puag ncig (nws tau hu ua "lub nroog Dawb Huv Hla") tau hlua nrog cov tsev, chaw khaws khoom thiab tsev teev ntuj - tam sim no nws tsis muaj dab tsi.
Sab hauv citadel Yog lub tsev fuabtais puag ncig los ntawm plaub tus yees, nws tus kheej muaj ob lub yees, lub tshav puam thiab ib lub chaw pub dawb. Lub nroog tau hu tsev fuabtais ntawm St. Elijah.
Lub nto moo traveler P. Pallas twb nyob rau ntawm qhov tig ntawm 18th-19th centuries. Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum nws los ntawm no, Sudak yog lub nroog me me chaw nres nkoj, thiab lub chaw tiv thaiv yuav luag tag nrho. Muaj cov tub rog Lavxias me me nyob hauv cov tub rog uas ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ruaj khov. Pallas thawj zaug taug kev mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, Caucasus thiab Crimea - thiab kos cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog nws, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tiav hauv Sudak. Nws tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm viticulture ntawm no thiab mob siab rau koom nrog winemaking. Pallas tsis txaus siab ntau hauv keeb kwm xws li hauv geology - nws piav qhia ntxaws txog cov pob zeb grey thiab lwm yam pob zeb uas nws pom nyob ib puag ncig thiab sau txog qhov lawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Pallas Fortress kuj piav qhia. Nws tsuas muaj 10 tus yees (tus so ntawm lub sijhawm no, pom tseeb, nyob hauv kev puas tsuaj thiab tawg tag). Piav qhia, ua hauv tsab ntawv Gothic zoo nkauj, ntawm tus yees uas muaj txoj sia nyob, thiab sau hais tias ntau tus neeg nyiam cov khoom qub nqa cov phaj nrog cov ntawv sau no nrog lawv.
Mosque, tsev teev ntuj, tsev cia puav pheej
Ib qho kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm lub fortress yog qhov thiaj li hu ua "Tuam tsev nrog arcade", uas tam sim no lub tsev nthuav tawm ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej. Lub tsev tau muaj txij li tsawg kawg yog xyoo pua 13th, thiab lub sijhawm no nws tau rov tsim kho ntau zaus. Tsis muaj leej twg paub tias nws yog dab tsi thiab nws puas yog lub tuam tsev tag nrho. Tej zaum nws tsuas yog tus pej thuam sawv dawb xwb.
Raws li qhov nthuav dav tshaj plaws, thaum xub thawj nws yog lub mosque ua los ntawm Seljuks. Nws tseem yog hnub tim raug - 1222 - tsuas yog thaum Seljuks tau sim rov qab tau lub nroog los ntawm Polovtsians. Nws ntseeg tias tom qab nws dhau los ua lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox. Genoese hloov lub tuam tsev los ntawm Orthodox mus rau Catholic (raws li lwm qhov kev hloov pauv, lawv siv nws tsis yog lub tuam tsev txhua, tab sis ua tsev tsim rau kev sib tham). Thiab thaum cov Turks txeeb thaj chaw, lawv tau ua nws Mosque Padishah Jami.
Tom qab tsim txoj cai Lavxias, qhov chaw tau hloov dua tshiab - tam sim no muaj Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm st. Mathais … Los txog Alexander kuv hauv Crimea xyoo 1818, lawv tau ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas sai sai ntawm txhua lub tsev thiab kho txhua yam uas tuaj yeem kho tau. Tab sis lub tsev teev ntuj uas tsis zoo no tseem tsis tau kho dua, nws tsuas yog kaw.
Xyoo 1883, lub tsev tau los ua ke dua. Tam sim no nws yog Armenian lub tsev teev ntuj, uas twb tau raug kaw los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam - xyoo 1924.
Lwm lub tuam tsev uas muaj txoj sia nyob yog me me lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm st. Paraskeva … Nws lub hauv paus tseem yog hnub tim ib puag ncig xyoo pua 13th AD. Cov seem ntawm cov frescoes thaum ub tau pom ntawm no tsis ntev dhau los. Tam sim no pawg ntseeg tau ua haujlwm.
Fortress nyob rau hauv XIX - XXI centuries
Xyoo 1839g. Vorontsov, Novorossiysk tus tswv xeev thiab tus tswv "tiag" ntawm Crimea tau tsim "zej zog keeb kwm thiab cov khoom qub" hauv Odessa. Cov tswv cuab ntawm zej zog tau koom tes nrog hauv kev kawm txog Crimea. Xyoo 1868, lub ruins ntawm lub fortress tau pauv mus rau thaj tsam ntawm zej zog thiab qhov tseeb dhau los ua ib ntawm thawj lub tsev khaws puav pheej.
Xyoo 1890s, tau rov kho qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam uas muaj txoj sia nyob ntawm kev raug tsoo ntawm lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog ua tiav Alexander Lvovich Berthier-Delagarde, tus tswv cuab ntawm Koom Txoos ntawm Keeb Kwm thiab Antiquities thiab yog ib tus neeg tshawb fawb tshaj plaws ntawm Crimea. Nws tus kheej tau koom nrog kev khawb av - hauv Chersonesos, hauv lub nroog qhov tsua thiab ntawm no, nws tau sau cov khoom qub Crimean, sau ntau yam haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau Crimea. A. Berthier-Delagarde tau nqa cov kev khawb av thiab kho dua tshiab ntawm nws tus kheej cov nuj nqis.
Tom qab kev tawm tsam, lub fortress tseem nyob tsev cia puav pheej, tsuas yog ob peb zaug dhau los ntawm ib chav haujlwm mus rau lwm qhov. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws keeb kwm yog kev rov ua dua ntawm 60s. Txij li 50s, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tshawb fawb tau ua tiav, tom qab ntawd lub koom haum "Ukreprestavratsiya" tau pib ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab xav tau tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet rov kho cov keeb kwm keeb kwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thawj qhov tsos ntawm lub fortress tau rov tsim dua yam tsis raug cai, thiab yam uas tsis tau rov qab los yog npauj npaim kom nres qhov kev puas tsuaj. Kev kho dua tshiab tau ua tiav raws li kev qhia ntawm tus kws kho vajtse-rov ua haujlwm Elena Ivanovna Lopushinskaya.
Tam sim no nws yog Tsev khaws puav pheej-Txuag "Sudak Fortress" … Ntxiv rau qhov chaw qhib muaj rau kev tshuaj xyuas, kuj tseem muaj lub tsev khaws khoom nthuav tawm. Qhov no yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov khoom sau keeb kwm tsev nyob hauv plaub lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj. Nws qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm qhov chaw no los ntawm lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, pib los ntawm Crimean Paleolithic. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej kuj tseem muaj chav ua yeeb yam hauv Sudak nws tus kheej.
Genoese fortress hauv xinesmas
Qhov chaw no zoo nkauj heev thiab poob tawm ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no uas muaj ntau zaj yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm raug kaw ntawm no: "The Gadfly", "The Odyssey of Captain Blood", "Primordial Rus".
Hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab hloov pauv ntawm "Tus Xib Hwb thiab Margarita" los ntawm Vladimir Bortko, lub fortress tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm Herod lub tsev, thiab Qab Zib Qab Zib tsis nyob deb ntawm nws ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm Golgotha. Hauv lub nroog Golgotha muaj cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Sudak cov tub rog - nws yog lawv uas ua si Roman legionnaires.
Xyoo 1981, Zaj yeeb yaj kiab Kazakh "Xyoo ntawm Zaj" tau muab tso rau ntawm no, hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Uyrugs nrog Suav. Nws yog Sudak fortress uas cov tub rog Suav tau cua daj cua dub zaum kawg. Rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, tag nrho pab tsiaj ntawm nees tau coj los ntawm Moscow los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau.
Cov Lus Tseeb
Genoese infantry tau tawm tsam raws li ib feem ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog ntawm thaj chaw Kulikovo.
Nyob hauv Venetians, tus txiv ntxawm ntawm tus neeg taug kev nto moo nyob hauv Sugdei Marco Polo: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? … Lawv hais tias Marco Polo nws tus kheej tau caij nkoj ntawm no mus ntsib ib tus txheeb ze.
Ntawm daim ntawv
- Qhov chaw: Sudak, st. Genoese fortress, 1.
- Lub vev xaib raug cai:
- Cov sijhawm qhib: nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov txij thaum 8:00 txog 20:00 xya hnub hauv ib asthiv, thaum lub caij ntuj no - thaum 9:00 txog 18:00. Cov pab pawg mus ncig ua haujlwm tau raug xaiv txhua teev.
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Cov lus piav qhia ntxiv:
panoram360ru 26.05.2016
Ncig ncig saib virtual ntawm Genoese Fortress:
