Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Chufut-Kale yog qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab nthuav ntawm Crimean lub nroog qhov tsua. Ib zaug muaj peev Crimean Khanate, tom qab ntawd cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg paub tsis meej tshaj plaws ntawm Crimea nyob - cov karaites … Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom qhov seem ntawm lub fortress medieval, Muslim thiab Karaite tuam tsev, cov tsev hauv nroog thiab ntau lub qhov tsua uas tau muab txua rau hauv pob zeb.
Keeb kwm yav dhau
Lub nroog muaj zog nyob hauv cov chaw no tau pib tshwm sim hauv IV-V ib … Cov uas tuaj ntawm no nyob rau xyoo dhau los pab pawg ntawm Alans thiab Gothssib xyaw, tsim lawv tus kheej kab lis kev cai. Lawv nyiam nyob tsis yog nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, tab sis nyob hauv roob thiab tsim lub qhov tsua tiv thaiv lub ntuj uas siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm Crimean toj roob hauv pes.
Lub fortress, uas tam sim no hu ua Chufut-Kale, tau tsim los ntawm Byzantines uas tuaj ntawm no ntawm qhov chaw ntawm yav dhau los Alanian … Nws tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem loj ntawm cov roob tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv ciam teb qaum teb tshaj plaws ntawm Byzantine faj tim teb chaws. Lub nroog ntawd lub npe hu li cas, peb tsis paub. Raws li qee qhov kev hloov pauv, muaj qhov paub tsis meej Lub nroog tag nrho - qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus npisov Crimean. Muaj ntau tus neeg ua tim khawv rau nws, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg paub tias nws nyob qhov twg. Muaj 15 qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv tag nrho. Qee tus kws tshawb fawb hu rau sab qaum teb tshaj plaws Byzantine lub nroog qhov tsua nyob ze - Baklu. Tab sis raws li lwm cov ntawv, Fulla tau nyob ntawm no. Lub fortress no loj dua thiab tiv thaiv ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev tawm tsam.
Thawj keeb kwm lub npe ntawm lub fortress - Kyrk-Ua - belongs rau Polovtsians. Polovtsy, los yog Kypchaks, tuaj ntawm no nyob rau xyoo XI, thiab nws yog lawv cov lus uas siv rau hauv Crimean Tatar niaj hnub no. Lub fortress tsis yog los ntawm Polovtsians ntev. Hauv nruab nrab ntawm XIII xyoo pua tuaj ntawm no Golden Horde … Cov av tam sim no raug cai Yog Khan, tus tub hlob ntawm Genghis Khan thiab nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li txoj cai, Crimean Khanate tau ywj pheej, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau them se ntau rau Horde. Cov pejxeem hauv nroog tau sim ua kom ywj nws tus kheej, ntxeev siab, thiab Horde tau ua ntau qhov kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm no. Qhov phem tshaj ntawm lawv tshwm sim hauv 1299 xyathaum cov tub rog tsoo rau hauv Crimea ua tsaug nawb … Nws xa nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv mus rau Crimea kom sau se, tab sis tus tub xeeb ntxwv raug tua. Hauv kev teb, Nogai yuav luag tag nrho rhuav tshem Crimea, thiab ntau lub nroog thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv tom qab uas yooj yim tsis muaj nyob.
Khanate peev thiab tsev loj cuj
Lub fortress Kyrk-Er tsis tau tsuas yog muaj txoj sia nyob. Nws yog lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw no, thiab nws yog nws uas tau dhau los ua lub peev tshiab ntawm Crimean Khanate. Kev vam meej ntawm lub fortress ntawm lub sijhawm no cuam tshuam nrog lub npe Haji Thawj, tus tsim ntawm lub dynasty Giraev (lossis Gireyev, raws li nws tau coj los hu lawv hauv tebchaws Russia). Nws yog ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob deb Genghis Khan Ib, tab sis tau yug los hauv tebchaws Lithuania - nws txiv tau khiav mus rau ntawd thaum nruab nrab ntawm lwm qhov kev kub ntxhov ntawm Crimean. Haji Girai sau npe kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus tub huabtais Lithuanian Vitovta thiab xyoo 1428 nws tau txeeb hwj chim, tsim nws lub xeev, ywj siab ntawm Horde. Kev tawm tsam rau lub hwj chim tau kav ntev txog 20 xyoo: ntshai ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Golden Horde, cov thawj coj ntawm Lithuanian tau txhawb nqa Crimea lossis rov qab los. Haji Girey txawm siv ntau xyoo nyob hauv Vilna (tam sim no Vilnius) ua tus qhua zoo, thiab qhov tseeb - yog neeg raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj. Tab sis xyoo 1441 tus tub huabtais Lithuanian tau pom zoo nws ua Crimean Khan. Lub fortress Kyrk-Er tau dhau los ua lub peev tshiab. Ntawm no, yuav luag tam sim ntawd, lawv pib mint lawv cov nyiaj npib. Haji Giray yog ib tus neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg; nws tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus Melek - "Angel".
Tom qab ntawd hauv Kyrk-Er muaj ntau dua 500 lub tsev loj, cov qhov tsua tiv thaiv, cov tsev teev ntuj … Tab sis sai sai lub nroog tsis ua lub peev - nws tau tsiv mus rau Bakhchisarai. Lub fortress pib siv los ua tsev loj cuj rau kev khaws cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb raug ntes thiab ua tub sab. Piv txwv li, ntawm no nyob rau xyoo pua 16th tau muaj kev koom tes nrog Tsar Ivan the Terrible Vasily Gryaznoy ua … Nws tau raug ntes ntawm ciam teb ntawm khanate thiab Tatars tau thov tus nqi txhiv loj ntawm kaum txhiab rubles rau nws. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, nws yog tus nqi ntau heev. Kev sib tham nrog tsar tau kav ntev ntau xyoo Ivan qhov txaus ntshaitxog thaum Vasily Gryaznoy tau tso tawm thaum kawg - twb rau ob txhiab rubles. Kwv yees li ib puas xyoo tom qab, cov neeg raug kaw Lavxias tau khaws cia ntawm no. Vasily Sheremetev thiab Andrey Romodanovsky … Russia tom qab ntawd tau ua tsov rog tiv thaiv Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thiab Crimean Khanate ib txwm txhawb pab tub rog Polish-Lithuanian tawm tsam Russia. Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, Vasily Sheremetev, raug ntes thiab siv sijhawm nees nkaum ib xyoos nyob hauv tsev loj cuj. Andrei Romodanovsky, uas tseem raug ntes tom qab ib qho ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev ua rog no, tau siv ntau dua kaum xyoo nyob ntawm no. Lawv raug tso tawm tsuas yog tom qab kev pom zoo ntawm kev pom zoo hauv 1681.
Karaites
Hauv cov xyoo no, lub fortress tau hloov nws lub npe. Tam sim no lawv hu nws "Chufut -Kale" - "Jewish fortress" … Maj mam, nws dhau los ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov zej zog loj ntawm Karaites.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Karaites, tshwj xeeb cov neeg uas hais lus Turkic, tab sis lees paub tias yog ib qho ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Judaism, tseem tseem yog qhov tsis paub meej.… Qee tus kws tshawb fawb xav tias lawv yog cov txheeb ze ncaj ncees ntawm Cov Neeg Ntseeg, thaum lwm tus hais tias cov neeg no yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Khazars, uas ib zaug hloov mus rau Judaism. Tsis muaj kev sib koom ntawm cov thawj coj Karaite lawv tus kheej, qee tus tawm tsam lawv tus kheej rau cov neeg Yudais ib txwm muaj, thaum lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hais txog kev sib koom tes. Ib txoj hauv kev lossis lwm qhov, hauv Crimea nyob rau xyoo pua 15th-18th muaj cov neeg Karaite loj nyob, uas nyob hauv nws cov kev lis kev cai thiab kev ntseeg sib txawv ob qho tib si los ntawm cov neeg Muslim Muslim Tatars thiab los ntawm Orthodox Greek.
Karaites hwm Phau Qub, Yexus thiab Mohammed tau lees paub tias yog cov yaj saub. Lawv lub tuam tsev hu ua " kenasoy". Ob peb yam kenasas tam sim no tuaj yeem pom ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Chufut-Kale. Noble Karaites tau ua haujlwm hauv khan cov tub rog thiab tsim cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm lub fortress, lawv kuj tswj cov mint. Tsis deb ntawm lub nroog, loj Karaite toj ntxas - Balta -Tiimez … Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li lwm yam tsis yog neeg Muslim, cov Karaites tau raug txwv raws txoj cai - piv txwv li, lawv tsis tuaj yeem sib khom hauv lub peev ntawm khanate, Bakhchisarai, txawm hais tias lawv tau ua lawv cov lag luam tseem ceeb nyob ntawd. Lub neej nyob hauv nroog tsis yooj yim, feem ntau yog vim qhov kev nce ntawm cov pej xeem tsis muaj dej txaus los ntawm ob peb qhov chaw. Ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov pob zeb nyuaj. Feem ntau cov kws txawj nyob ntawm no.
Nrog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Crimea rau Russia, txwv rau Karaites nyob hauv Bakhchisarai tau raug tso tseg. Thiab tom qab ntawd lub nroog pib tawg sai: cov Karaites tau tsiv mus rau Bakhchisarai thiab mus rau cov ntug hiav txwv. Hauv XIX-XX ib puas xyoo, lawv qhov chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig yog Evpatoria … Xyoo 19th, lawv muaj neeg coob heev thiab hwm los ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe.
Tam sim no lub zej zog no tseem muaj nyob hauv Crimea, tab sis nws tab tom ze rau kev ploj tuag. Raws li kev suav pej xeem zaum kawg, muaj me ntsis ntau dua tsib puas ntawm lawv sab laug.
Fortress tam sim no
Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws pom ntawm no yog seem ntawm phab ntsa tiv thaiv … Nov yog lub tsev qub tshaj plaws hauv nroog - nws muaj li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo. Lwm qhov kev tiv thaiv kuj tseem muaj txoj sia nyob: tom qab phab ntsa, rooj vag, lub pas dej, qhov dej qhuav. Lub qhov rooj tsis zoo kiag li. pej thuam ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th - Biyuk -Kapu … Tab sis qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog, tau kawg, qhov kev tiv thaiv qhov tsua hauv pob zeb … Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ntau dua ib puas thiab tsib caug qhov tsua ntawm ntau yam duab thiab lub hom phiaj. Yeej, muaj qhov tsim tawm lossis ua tub rog tiv thaiv hauv lub qhov tsua, lawv tseem nyiam nyob hauv cov tsev nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov qhov tsua tau txuas nrog los ntawm ntau txoj kev hla thiab qhov av.
Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Crimean Khanate tau khaws cia seem ntawm lub mosque … Peb paub lub xyoo tseeb ntawm nws kev tsim kho - 1346th. Nws cov vaj tsev muaj cov ntsiab lus Byzantine, yog li coob leej xav tias nws tau hloov pauv ib zaug los ntawm lub tuam tsev ntseeg. Muaj Muslim toj ntxas nyob tsis deb ntawm lub mosque. Lub tsev loj tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm no yog octagonal mausoleum ntawm Tokhtamysh tus ntxhais Dzhanyke-khanym … Hauv lub qhov ntxa sau nws hu ua "tus poj huab tais". Lub mausoleum hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 15th. Nws sawv ntawm pob tsuas heev, nws muaj qhov pom zoo nkauj ntawm ib puag ncig.
Txij thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Karaites khaws cia ob kenases - XIV xyoo pua thiab XVIII xyoo pua, thiab seem ntawm cov tsev hauv nroog ntawm XVIII xyoo pua … Muaj qhov sib txawv hauv lub nroog: peb txoj kev loj thiab ntau txoj kev sab. Ntawm qee lub tsev, cov npe ntawm cov tswv tau raug khaws cia.
Ib tus kws paub txog Karaite nto moo nyob hauv ib lub tsev hauv Chufut-Kale Avraham Firkovich: 3 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! … Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws tau dhau los yuav luag tsuas yog cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog uas tso tseg - thiab sim cawm nws ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Firkovich sau ntau phau ntawv Hebrew thiab Karaite. Tam sim no nws tau khaws cia hauv St. Petersburg. Tom qab nws tuag, cov neeg nrhiav neeg hauv nroog tseem nyob hauv lub tsev no. Nov yog lub tsev Karaite raug, los ntawm qhov uas ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab li cas lub nroog zoo li ob lossis ob puas thiab tsib caug xyoo dhau los. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, tab sis tseem nyob ua ke kom txog rau thaum pib xyoo 20, thiab tau rov kho dua nyob rau xyoo 60s. Tam sim no lawv nyob ntawm no Karaite kab lis kev cai chaw thiab tsev cia puav pheej memob siab rau kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej ntawm Karaites.
Cov Lus Tseeb
Nyob rau xyoo pua puv 19, cov Karaites tau tuav txoj kev haus luam yeeb. Piv txwv li, lub Hoobkas Dukat nto moo yog cov cuab yeej ntawm Karaite I. Pigit. Thiab nws kuj yog tus tswv lub tsev ntawm Bolshaya Sadovaya, qhov uas tus kws sau ntawv Mikhail Bulgakov nyob hauv xyoo 1920. Tam sim no lub tsev no muaj tsev khaws puav pheej nto moo rau Bulgakov.
Hauv Chufut-Kale, lawv tau ua yeeb yaj kiab tub rog lub sijhawm ntawm zaj duab xis "Pan Volodyevsky" hauv xyoo 1969, nws tau tshwm sim hauv cov kab lus ntawm zaj duab xis "Lub Siab Ntawm Peb" 1992 thiab "Hard to be God" hauv 1989. Hauv cov dab neeg qub "Finist" - Tus Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv ", cov neeg phem ua tub rog tau nkaum hauv qhov tsua ntawm lub nroog Kartausa no.
Ntawm daim ntawv
- Qhov chaw: Bakhchisarai, s. Staroselie.
- Yuav ua li cas thiaj tau: tsheb npav. Tsis yog 2 los ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Kos duab. "Bakhchisarai" mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb. "Staroselie".
- Lub vev xaib raug cai:
- Cov sijhawm qhib: txhua hnub 9: 00-20: 00.
- Tus nqi pib: cov neeg laus - 200 rubles, cov tub ntxhais kawm - 100 rubles.
