Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Lub ntsiab lus nyiam thiab kev tsim vaj tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Vyborg niaj hnub no yog qhov tseeb. medieval tsev fuabtais ntawm XIII xyoo pua ntawm Castle Island … Cov phab ntsa muaj zog, lub qhov taub siab nrog lub sam thiaj saib xyuas, kev nthuav tawm thiab nthuav tawm tsev cia puav pheej - txhua qhov no tsis tshua nyiam cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws no.
Txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaj chaw ntawm Vyborg yog koom nrog Sweden. Lub nroog nws tus kheej tau sawv puag ncig lub fortress me me ntawm St. Olaf, nrhiav tau nyob rau xyoo pua 13th. Nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, muaj lwm lub fortress nyob ntawm no, thiab nyob hauv Peter Great, txhua qhov chaw no tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Lub nroog nyob ntawm ciam teb tab tom muaj zog, muaj lub forts thiab phab ntsa tshiab tau tsim ntawm no. Txij xyoo 1918 txog 1940, Vyborg yog nyob rau Finland, thiab xyoo 1940, raws li Txoj Cai Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb hauv Moscow, nws mus rau USSR.
Lub tsev fuabtais qub tau muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no - nws yog tus uas yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog niaj hnub no.
Fortress
Hauv XII caug xyoo, pawg neeg Karelian nyob hauv cov chaw no, thiab qhov tseeb lawv tau tswj hwm los ntawm Velikiy Novgorod … Nyob ntawm ib kob me me muaj me me ntoo Karelian fortress … Hauv nruab nrab mus rau qhov kawg ntawm XIII xyoo pua los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Europe, lawv niaj hnub ua cov phiaj xwm no nrog lub hom phiaj coj Western Christianity los rau cov tebchaws no, ntxiv rau coj lawv mus rau hauv lawv txhais tes. Tam sim no txhua qhov kev tawm tsam no feem ntau hu ua "Northern Crusades", ntu uas muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws uas yog nto moo Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov hauv 1242 … Qhov kev txav no cuam tshuam nrog Livonians, Germans, Prussians thiab Swedes. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm zaum kawg no, xyoo 1293, Karelian fortress raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg Swedes thiab hlawv. Cov neeg Swedes tau tsim lub tsev fuabtais zeb ntawm no txhawm rau tsim kev tswj hwm zaum kawg ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Karelian Isthmus thiab tawm tsam Novgorod Republic.
Tus tsim lub tsev fuabtais thiab lub nroog yog de facto tus kav ntawm Sweden Torkel Knutsson: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?, regent rau tus menyuam yaus huab tais Birger. Muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm no, nws txuas ntxiv kev kov yeej - nws tau sim rov ua lub qhov ncauj ntawm Neva los ntawm Novgorodians thiab nrhiav tau lwm lub fortress nyob ntawd - Landxron ntawm tus dej Okhta. Tab sis qhov kev sim no ua tsis tiav, Novgorodians tau rov kho lub fortress tshiab sai sai thiab coj nws rau lawv tus kheej, thiab Knutsson raug yuam kom rov qab mus rau Sweden. Tus huab tais loj hlob pib qhia kev ywj pheej. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tsim Vyborg tau xaus nrog qhov tseeb tias nws tau hais lus phem los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab txiav nws taub hau.
Lub Vyborg fortress tau tsim raws li txhua txoj cai ntawm Western European fortification. Cov kob tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov phab ntsa muaj zog - lawv cov tuab tau txog ob meters. Cov phab ntsa tau ntxiv dag zog nrog cov pob zeb hauv zos, ua kom nrawm nrog cov tshuaj khib. Hauv qhov chaw tau teeb tsa zeb pej thuam pej thuam … Nws tau xaus nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab cov duab ntoo nrog kab ntawm qhov khoob. Nws tau lub npe " pej thuam ntawm st. Olaf", Hauv kev hwm ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Olaf, tus neeg ua kev cai raus dej ntawm Sweden. Tej zaum, lub npe "Vyborg" txuas nrog qhov no. Raws li ib qho ntawm kev txhais lus, nws txhais tau tias "dawb huv fortress". Txawm li cas los xij, raws li lwm cov lus, lo lus no tseem tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "fortress on the water" lossis yooj yim "qhov chaw nyob ze lub fortress."
Tower of King Olaf tseem yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv Vyborg. Nws qhov siab tag nrho ua ke nrog lub pob zeb uas nws tau ua yog 75 meters. Qhov qis ntawm tus pej thuam tseem tsis tau hloov pauv txij li xyoo pua 13th, thaum lub sab saud tau raug kho dua ob peb zaug, tsis ntev los no thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Sab hauv ntawm tus pej thuam tau hlawv tawm hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab txij thaum ntawd los cov plag tsev tsis tau rov qab los. Tam sim no tsuas muaj cov ntaiv ntoo thiab hloov pauv mus rau qhov chaw saib xyuas. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub sam thiaj thiab tus ntaiv coj mus rau tus pej thuam tau tshwm sim.
Txawm tias thaum lub fortress ceased yuav Knutsson lub tsev, ib tug loj cov tub rog, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, thiab tag nrho lub nroog maj zuj zus nyob ib puag ncig lub fortress. Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 15th, lub fortress tau rov tsim kho thiab ntxiv dag zog. Cov nyiaj rau kev tsim kho yog faib los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hais kom ua ntawm lub fortress Karl Knutsson Bund Cov, huab tais yav tom ntej ntawm Sweden thiab Norway Charles VIII.
Vyborg yog tom qab ntawd tsis yog lub chaw tiv thaiv nkaus xwb, tab sis qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ib cheeb tsam - Vyborg Lena, uas Karl Knutsson ua raws li nws tus vaj ntxwv me me. Cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig sau hais tias nws tsis yooj yim sua kom pom lub tsev fuabtais zoo nkauj dua Vyborg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws uas crenellated tiv thaiv phab ntsa tshwm - sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev fuabtais nrog cov xwm txheej sib ntaus sib tua. Lub tshav puam tau pav, sab hauv ntawm cov chaw nyob tau rov ua dua tshiab. Ib me ntsis tom qab, kab thib peb ntawm phab ntsa sawv - tsis nyob ntawm cov kob nws tus kheej lawm. Ib phab ntsa thib peb nrog cuaj yees tiv thaiv lub nroog, uas loj hlob nyob rau ntawm ceg av qab teb ntawm lub tsev fuabtais.
V Xyoo pua 17th lub tsev fuabtais tau txhawb nqa thiab rov tsim dua. Lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb tab tom tsim, cov ntug dej hiav txwv tau ua kom muaj zog, tus thawj tswj hwm lub tsev tab tom raug kho dua tshiab, cov tub rog tshiab tau tsim. Lawv saib xyuas tsis yog tsuas yog ua haujlwm tau zoo, tab sis kuj hais txog kev zoo nkauj - cov pas dej tshwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev fuabtais thiab txawm tias tus ciav dej tau teeb tsa.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1710, Vyborg koom nrog kev ua siab phem. Peter kuv rau ob lub hlis tag nrho nws ua tus tiv thaiv, txog thaum kawg tus thawj coj hais kom swb rau txoj kev hlub tshua ntawm tus yeej. Hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej, tam sim no koj tuaj yeem pom cov qauv xim zoo nkauj rau lub siege ntawm lub tsev fuabtais.
Tom qab ntawd, lub fortress poob nws cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Nyob rau tiam 18th-19th, nws tau siv los ua ua tub rog thiab tsev loj cuj … Thiab nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lawv tau sim npaj cov foob pob hluav taws ua kev zoo siab - thiab vim li ntawd, txaus ntshai heev hluav taws … Olaf's Tower hlawv tawm yuav luag tag los ntawm sab hauv, thiab lwm qhov chaw tau raug kev txom nyem ib yam. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tau muab kho dua tshiab, tab sis lub tsev fuabtais tseem siv tsis tau txog thaum tsim lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv nws twb yog xyoo Soviet lawm.
Tam sim no Vyborg Tsev fuabtais yog tag nrho cov teeb tsa ntawm cov qauv. Nov yog Olaf tus pej thuam nrog lub sam thiaj saib xyuas thiab lub tshav puam, peb lub tshav puam ntawm ob sab ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. Lub loog sab saud, lub loog qis thiab lub tshav puam kws muaj txua me me. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov tsev qub qub ntawm cov arsenals ntawm xyoo pua 17th, uas tau tsim los siv cov phab ntsa qub qub thiab nyob ib sab rau lawv.
Ob lub tsev tau muaj txoj sia nyob, lub hauv paus ntawm cov hnub rov mus rau XII-XV ib puas xyoo, thiab cov ntawv tseem ceeb tau tsim hauv XVIII. Lub tsev sab hnub tuaj feem ntau yog siv rau kev xav tau kev lag luam, thaum lub tsev sab hnub poob yog lub rooj zaum ntawm tus tswv xeev, thiab cov vaj ntxwv Swedish tau nyob hauv nws.
Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tam sim no nyob hauv ib lub tsev tsim kev lag luam, uas yog hnub rov los rau xyoo pua 18th. Xyoo 19th, nws tau siv ua tsev loj cuj. Cov phom loj puag thaum ub tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv qab tshav puam ntawm Zeichhaus thiab lub tsev fuabtais nws tus kheej.
Ntxiv nrog rau tus pej thuam loj, peb ntxiv tau muaj txoj sia nyob. Ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb Paradise Ntauwd, uas yog cov txuj ci tshiab ntawm xyoo pua 15th. Shoemaker's Ntauwd tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kab kev tiv thaiv thiab tsis txuas nrog phab ntsa. Ib lub rooj cob qhia tawv tau nyob hauv nws - thaj, yog li tsis hnov tsw ntxhiab tawm ntawm lub tsev fuabtais nws tus kheej. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, lub rooj cob qhia tsis ua haujlwm, thiab tus pej thuam tau txuas nrog los ntawm cov duab nrog cov tsev loj.
Ntauwd ntawm Cov Neeg raug kaw - nyob rau xyoo 17th, nws yog nws uas raug siv ua tsev loj cuj.
Ob lub bastions, sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb, tseem muaj txoj sia nyob. Thaum cov no yog lub tsev pentagonal tiv thaiv, ib sab hnub tuaj tau khaws nws cov ntim thiab ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa, thaum yav qab teb ib qho puas.
Tsev khaws puav pheej
Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev fuabtais nyob Vyborg Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Zos Lore … Nws tau tsim xyoo 1960. Thaum xub thawj, nws lub tsev tau nyob ntawm Lenin Avenue, thiab lub ntsiab lus nthuav tawm yog zaj dab neeg txog kev hloov pauv yav dhau los ntawm lub nroog, kev ua tiav ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws thiab kev phooj ywg nrog Finland. Txij li xyoo 1964, cov tsev ntawm Vyborg Castle tau raug xa mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho dua tshiab pib. Thaum xub thawj, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau npaj yuav nyob rau sab xis ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm St. Olaf, tab sis thaum kawg nws tau tuav lub tsev fuabtais tseem ceeb. Tab sis tus pej thuam ntawm St. Olaf kuj tau qhib, nyob rau saum nws muaj lub sam thiaj saib xyuas. Xyoo 2015, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau hloov kho dua tshiab.
Tam sim no lub tsev fuabtais ua haujlwm tsib mus tas li exhibitions:
- Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, tshuav los ntawm lub sijhawm Soviet, tham txog keeb kwm ntawm Karelian Isthmus thaum tsov rog Lavxias-Finnish … Ib chav cais tau mob siab rau Finnish Vyborg - raws li ib feem ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Finland nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab yog ib feem ntawm kev ywj pheej Finland txog 1940. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam khoom uas qhia txog lub neej ntawm XIX-XX ib puas xyoo. Ntau qhov khoom pov thawj tau xa los ntawm Helsinki.
- Lwm qhov kev nthuav tawm tau mob siab rau lub nroog Swedish yav dhau los - muaj kev sau keeb kwm nplua nuj ntawm kev nrhiav pom los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, sau los ntawm cov nyiaj npib Swedish, thiab cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb yog cov qauv xim ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub fortress hauv 1710 los ntawm Peter Great.
- Cov menyuam yaus yuav txaus siab rau cov chav uas tau mob siab rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm Karelian Isthmus … Kev nthuav tawm yog tsim nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham - ntau ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tuaj yeem kov thiab sim nrog.
- Thiab, thaum kawg, qhov txawv tshaj plaws thiab tshwj xeeb nthuav tawm ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej tau mob siab rau underwater archaeology … Hauv qab ntawm Vyborg Bay, muaj ntau qhov seem ntawm cov nkoj uas poob lawm tau pom. Qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tau rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 16th.
Thiab tau kawg, zoo li txhua lub tsev fuabtais medieval uas tsim nyog, nws muaj nws tus kheej tsim txom chamber … Lub rooj nthuav tawm tau tsim los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov tsim qauv hauv nroog, uas zoo siab los tham txog cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tua tus neeg ua haujlwm, thiab tuaj yeem qhia qee yam hauv kev xyaum. Qhov kev nthuav tawm yog nyob hauv qhov qub qub, qhov chaw nyob hauv tsev loj cuj ib zaug nyob qhov twg.
Cov Lus Tseeb
Hauv Vyborg, tom qab qhov kev txiav txim thiab ua ntej xa mus rau Siberia, ntau tus neeg dag ntxias tau khaws cia - M. Lunin, I. Annenkov, M. Kyukhelbeker thiab lwm tus.
Tam sim no, lub tsev fuabtais tsis tu ncua ua suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam kev ua yeeb yam, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm rov ua cov chav kawm ntawm cov khoom qub.
Ntawm daim ntawv
- Qhov chaw: Leningrad Thaj Chaw, Vyborg, Castle Island, 1.
- Lub vev xaib raug cai:
- Sijhawm qhib: Castle Island: 09-19. Tsev khaws puav pheej: 10-18.
