Nqe lus piav txog kev nyiam
Lub fortress, ua los ntawm Turks nyob rau xyoo 18th, tiv thaiv ib zaug Strait ntawm Kerch thiab hla mus rau Hiav Txwv Azov. Tam sim no nws yog qhov kev puas tsuaj zoo nkauj nyob sab nrauv ntawm Kerch nrog qee qhov khaws cia bastions.
Kev tsim keeb kwm
Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, thaj av ntawm Crimea yog tus tswv Lub teb chaws Ottoman … Hauv XV-XVII ib puas xyoo, nws yog lub xeev loj tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws hauv Mediterranean. Nws nyob yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm yav dhau los Byzantium: North Africa, Greece, tag nrho ntawm Asia Me. Ntau lub tebchaws tau nyob hauv nws tus yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, Crimean Khanate - lub xeev uas yog "tus txais" ntawm Golden Horde, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Italian ntawm cheeb tsam Dub Hiav Txwv Qaum Teb tau los nyob hauv lub tebchaws Ottoman txij li xyoo pua 15th. Xyoo 1475 Cov Turks tau tsaws rau hauv Crimea, ntes Genoese cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws thiab yuam lub tebchaws ntawd Crimean - Menly Yaj - lees koj qhov kev vam khom ntawm horde. Nws yog thaum ntawd thaj chaw ntawm Kerch Strait tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov Turks tau tsim Yeni-Kale fortress ntawm no los tiv thaiv Kerch Strait. "Yeni-kale" tau txhais ua "fortress tshiab". Lub qub fortress kuj nyob ntawm no ib zaug. Nws tau hu Kilisejik … Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tsuas yog puas thiab lub hauv paus tseem nyob ntawm nws - qhov tseeb yog tias nws tau tawg rov qab rau xyoo 1631 thaum ib qho ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog Zaporozhye Cossacks. Tab sis lub chaw tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw nqaim tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev nqaim yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov Turks: nws tswj hwm kev hla mus rau cov nkoj mus rau Hiav Txwv Azov.
Peb paub lub npe ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse - nws yog Italian Goloppo … Tsis paub ntau txog nws - peb kuj paub tias nws tsis yog tsuas yog muab nws txoj haujlwm los ua tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm Turks, tab sis hloov mus rau Islam. Nws ua lub fortress nyob rau hauv Fabkis kab lig kev cai. Nws yog lub tsev pentagon nrog tsib lub chaw puag ncig thiab nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm lub roob, uas yog, nws muaj ntau qib. Ib lub nroog nyob puag ncig cov phab ntsa uas muaj zog nyob ib puag ncig. Lub fortress tuaj yeem haum txog ib txhiab leej neeg ntawm cov tub rog ruaj khov thiab nyob ob thiab ib nrab hectares. Nws muaj txhua yam tsim nyog rau lub neej: mosque, da dej, arsenals, khw muag hmoov.
Kev tsim kho tsis txwv rau lub fortress - hauv qab lub fortress los ntawm hiav txwv muaj me me chaw nres nkoj, thiab kev sib hais haum loj hlob tuaj nyob ib puag ncig lub fortress. Txhawm rau kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv, nws yog ib txwm sau lub npe ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm kab ntawv sib dhos - Yeni -Kale, thiab cov nroog thiab thaj chaw nyob ze ua ke - Yenikale. Tsuas yog qhov ua txhaum loj yog kev vam khom ntawm cov dej tshiab … Lub fortress muaj nws tus kheej lub qhov dej me me, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem muab tag nrho cov pej xeem nrog dej. Cov pas dej tau ntim cov dej los ntawm qhov chaw uas nyob deb heev thiab sab nraum cov phab ntsa. Dej nkag hauv Yeni-Kale los ntawm cov kav dej karmic.
Russo-Turkish tsov rog
Xyoo pua 18th, txhua qhov kev tawm tsam loj zuj zus ntawm tebchaws Ottoman thiab Russia tau dhau los ua tsov rog. Russia xav tau nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tsov rog pib tsis yog kev sib tsoo ncaj qha ntawm ob lub zog, tab sis nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Poland. Teeb meem tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Poland, Russia cuam tshuam thiab xa cov tub rog mus rau ntawd. Thiab tom qab ntawd Bar Confederation, tsim los ntawm Polish Catholic gentry, uas categorically tawm tsam Russia kev cuam tshuam hauv lawv cov haujlwm, tig mus rau Turkey rau kev txhawb nqa.
Cov teeb meem kev lis kev cai tuaj nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab Confederates tau dhau mus rau hauv thaj av Turkish, hauv Balta thiab Dubossary. V 1768 xya tsov rog tau tshaj tawm. Nws pib nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm Crimean Tatars mus rau Novorossia (thiab tib lub sijhawm mus rau thaj chaw Polish), thiab los ntawm Lavxias sab - los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Taganrog.
Cov tub rog Lavxias tau ua tub rog zoo dua thiab tau kawm paub thiab, txawm hais tias tus thawj coj-tus thawj coj Golitsyn nyiam ua qhov kev ua nrog ceev faj thiab tiv thaiv ntau dua, ntau qhov kev yeej ua raws. Piv txwv li, thaum lub Yim Hli Ntuj tau siv lub fortress Khotin, xyaum ua yam tsis muaj kev sib ntaus - Cov Turks tsuas tso nws tseg, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias yuav tsum faus lawv cov neeg tuag. Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1770, cov neeg Lavxias txuas ntxiv yeej hauv thaj av Moldova thiab yav qab teb Russia. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis yog hauv av nkaus xwb. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1770, Lavxias lub nkoj tau ua rau yeej ntawm Turkish Chesme Bay … Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias lub dav hlau dav dav, ib hnub uas tau nco txog ntev.
Xyoo 1771 tau cim los ntawm kev ua tub rog hauv Crimea. Ntawm Turkish sab, nws yog cov tub rog ntawm Crimean Khanate koom nrog Turkey uas tawm tsam peb. Thaum Lub Rau Hli, cov neeg Lavxias tau coj Perekop … Cov tub rog Tatar tau rov qab los Feodosia, thiab Crimean lub meej mom nws tus kheej tawm ntawm Crimea tag nrho, tau mus nkaum hauv Constantinople. Lub Rau Hli 21, 1771 tau txiav txim los ntawm tus tub huabtais Fedor Fedorovich Shcherbatov, thawj nyob hauv Kerch, thiab ua raws los ntawm Yeni-Kale fortress. Cov Turks tau tso lub fortress tsis muaj kev sib ntaus, tawm hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov phom loj ntawm no. Nws tau muab tawm tias lub fortress, uas tau xav tias yuav tiv thaiv lub strait los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab fleet, tau nyob hauv av.
Xyoo 1772, kev pom zoo kev thaj yeeb tau xaus ntawm Crimean Khanate thiab Russia. Nws tshwm sim hauv nroog Karasubazar (tam sim no nws yog Belogorsk). Crimean Khanate tseem nyob ywj pheej, tab sis dhau los ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm Russia, thiab thaj chaw ntawm Kerch thiab Yenikale dhau los ua neeg Lavxias. Nws tau muab tawm tias cov chaw no tau dhau los ua thawj cov khoom lag luam Lavxias hauv Crimea. Hauv Kerch, yuav luag tam sim pib tsim lwm lub fortress. tam sim no Kerch fortress ntawm Pavlovsky dhaus Cape … Tab sis Yeni-Kale txuas ntxiv tswj hwm nws qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm txoj kev nruj.
Tsov rog Russo-Turkish tau xaus tsuas yog xyoo 1774. Hauv lub nroog Kuchuk-Kaynajir kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Ottoman faj tim teb chaws. Qhov kev cog lus no tau lees paub qhov kev pom zoo ntawm 1772: tsis yog Turkey lossis Russia cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Crimean Khanate, thiab thaj chaw ntawm Kerch thiab Yenikale mus rau Russia.
Txawm hais tias muaj cov lus cog tseg, Crimea tseem yog thaj chaw uas tau thov los ntawm ob lub tebchaws. Qaib ntxhw tsis thim nws cov tub rog los ntawm Crimea, Russia coj nws cov tub rog. Cov neeg nplua nuj Crimean Tatar txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm kev rov qab los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman. Ob tus neeg sib tw tau tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv khan - tus tiv thaiv Lavxias Shahin-Giray thiab qub khan Davlet-Girey … Shahin-Girey tau tsim nws tus kheej ntawm Taman, tab sis tsis ntev nrog cov tub rog Lavxias koom nrog tau tsaws ntawm Yeni-Kale fortress, thiab tom qab ntawd nqa lub zwm txwv. Nws tau sim ua txoj cai nyob sab Europe, hloov kev lis kev cai qub, ua kev hloov pauv, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tau txawv los ntawm kev lim hiam thiab kev ua nruj ua tsiv.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, xyoo 1777 kev tawm tsam tau tawm tsam nws, uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias coj los ntawm kev ua phem. Alexander Suvorov … Cov tub rog Lavxias nyob hauv txhua lub chaw tiv thaiv (suav nrog Yeni-Kale). Xyoo 1779, tau muaj kev pom zoo tshiab nrog Turkey. Shahin-Girey dhau los ua Crimean Khan, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias tau thim tawm ntawm Crimea. Cov tub ceev xwm tseem nyob ntawm peb thaj tsam nkaus xwb: peb txhiab leej neeg nyob hauv Yeni-Kala thiab hauv Kerch. Tab sis plaub xyoos tom qab, tom qab kev tawm tsam tshiab thiab kev tso tseg ntawm Shahin-Giray, Crimea thaum kawg tau koom nrog Russia.
Ib lub nroog me me uas muaj lub fortress nyob hauv nws maj mam pib pom tias yog lub nroog satellite ntawm Kerch. Nov yog xyoo 1797 tau tsim lub baroque Trinity lub Koom Txoos … Txij li thaum xyoo 1825, lub fortress thaum kawg poob nws cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb thiab dhau los ua kom muaj zog tsev kho mob … Thaum lub sij hawm Lavxias-Turkish tsov rog, lub tsev kho mob tau ua tiav rov qab los ntawm lub fortress los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thiab lub fortress tsis tau tso tseg. Tab sis los ntawm xyoo 1880, lub tsev kho mob tau tawg thiab tsis xav tau ntxiv lawm. Lub fortress tig tawm kom raug tso tseg, thiab lub zos nuv ntses nyob hauv nws, uas tom qab ntawd muaj plaub txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv, kuj pib maj mam wither.
Fortress nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no
Lub nroog Yenkale tau tsim kev ywj pheej kom txog thaum 1968. Xyoo 1948 nws tau hloov npe ua ib lub zos Sipyagino, thiab xyoo 1968 nws tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev nthuav dav Kerch. Lub Koom Txoos Trinity tau tawg thaum xyoo 1935.
Thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic, lub fortress rov los ua cov khoom tub rog, pab pawg ntawm pab pawg tiv thaiv nws tau ntev. Feem ntau, muaj ntau lub catacombs ze Kerch: cov no yog lub qhov tsua ntuj, thiab ntau qhov seem ntawm kev faus neeg thaum ub, uas tseem yog lub qhov tsua, thiab cov kab hauv qab. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, kev tawm tsam hnyav tawm tsam Nazis tau tshwm sim ntawm no, thiab catacombs tau ua haujlwm ua chaw nyob rau pawg pab pawg. Lub fortress Yeni-Kale tau yooj yim rau chaw nyob. Tseem muaj dej tso dej ua haujlwm hauv nws. Xyoo 1943-44, kev tawm tsam nrog Nazis tau tawm tsam ntawm no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim Kerch-Eltigen tsaws haujlwm cov cheeb tsam no yog thawj zaug tau txais kev ywj pheej - thiab tau dhau los ua tus choj rau Soviet pab tub rog, los ntawm qhov uas seem ntawm Crimea tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov neeg ntxeem tau.
Tam sim no los ntawm lub fortress tau raug fwm ob peb daim duab zoo nkauj: peb lub rooj vag, tsev tsev ib-zaj dab neeg … Ib feem nto moo thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws yog bastion nrog yees los ntawm hiav txwv hla Kerch rooj vag. Ib txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv; lub rampart tau ua haujlwm raws li nws cov av. Nws yog txoj kev no uas coj mus rau kev hla hla txoj kev nqaim. Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, tau rov kho me me, ib feem ntawm thaj chaw tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis feem ntau, lub fortress tam sim no nyob rau hauv puas. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws nyuaj rau xav txog nws keeb kwm yav dhau los tam sim no, tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muab lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb rau dawb nce toj hla qhov puas tsuaj thiab cov phab ntsa uas seem.
Ntawm lub duav heev, uas yog hu ua li ntawd - Cape Teeb, lub teeb pom kev zoo tau teeb tsa. Lub teeb pom kev nws tus kheej tau nyob ntawm no txij li xyoo 1820, tab sis lub tsev qub tau tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog: lub teeb pom kev tau tiv thaiv thiab hloov qhov kev xav ntawm German cov phom loj los ntawm Taman sab. Txawm li cas los xij, twb tau pib xyoo 1944, lub teeb pom kev ib ntus tau teeb tsa siv qee yam khoom qub. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev ua tsov rog, nws yog nees nees nees-meter ntoo nrog lub lamppost nyob saum. Tam sim no lub teeb pom kev dawb tau teeb tsa xyoo 1953.
Nyob ze lub lighthouse yog nco, tau tsim xyoo 1944 hauv kev nco txog kev tso lub cape thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig los ntawm Nazis.
Ntawm daim ntawv
- Qhov chaw: G. Kerch, st. 1st Ntug Hiav Txwv.
- Yuav ua li cas thiaj li tau txais: los ntawm qhov chaw tos tsheb loj ntawm Kerch los ntawm cov tsheb thauj mus los # 1 lossis # 19 mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb "Stroygorodok".
- Pub dawb.
Xyuas
| Txhua qhov tshuaj xyuas 2 Alenka 2017-21-06 14:45:14
Lub fortress Yeni-Kale tsim nyog saib, tab sis nws nyob hauv lub xeev tsis zoo. tsuas yog ib lub pej thuam tau rov qab los, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Ukraine. Muaj qhov pom zoo nkauj los ntawm lub turret
